[Latency and recruitment order of the shoulder muscles in dynamic complex movement in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome]

Shoulder muscle timing is very important, however, study on the shoulder muscle timing and recruitment patterns is limited. Thus, the aim of the study was to determine and compare the timing and recruitment order of the shoulder muscles in subjects with and without Shoulder Impingement Syndrome [SIS]. In this case-control study, 9 female subjects with shoulder impingement syndrome and 13 matched healthy female volunteer subjects selected by simple-non random sampling participated. Surface electromyography of serratus anterior, pectoralis major, upper trapezium, lower trapezium, posterior deltoid, and anterior deltoid muscles of dominant side were recorded during D1flex movement. Muscle latency time, relative muscle latency time and recruitment order were processed and compared in subjects with and without SIS. Non parametric test [2 independent samples [Mann-Whitney U]] was used for data analysis In patient group some muscles showed a greater latency time than healthy group but this increase wasn't statistically significant. Also, in patient group recruitment order of shoulder muscles was changed. Altered recruitment patterns of one or more muscles in the patient group as compared to healthy group indicate neuromuscular control has changed. Thus rehabilitation programs should be designed to restore and optimize the activation sequences and motor control of these muscles

effect of cryotherapy on the normal ankle joint position sense

To determine whether a fifteen-minute water immersion treatment affects the normal ankle joint position sense [JPS] at the middle range of dorsiflexion and plantar flexion actively and passively. Thirty healthy female volunteers aged between 18 and 30 years were treated by a 15-minute cryotherapy [6 +/- 1°C]. The subject's skin temperature over antromedial aspect of dominant ankle was measured by the Mayomed device before, immediate and 15 minutes after water immersion. Ankle JPS was tested trough the pedal goniometer at 3 stages similar to the skin temperature. ANOVA [a = 0.05] was performed on each of variables using SPSS 19.0 software. Skin temperature was seen to decrease after water immersion but subjects did not return to pre-test skin temperature after 15 minutes [P<0.001]. The research found no significant difference in JPS at middle range of dorsiflexion and plantar flexion actively and passively before and after cryotherapy. These findings suggest that 15-minute water immersion at 6°C dose not significantly alter the middle range of plantar flexion/ dorsiflexion JPS at the ankle and is not deleterious to JPS